فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 75، تابستان 1402)

The proclivity of women with university education towards employment in government and private organizations is an undeniable trend. However, a notable phenomenon that deserves further exploration is the growing interest and enthusiasm of some women in entrepreneurship and establishing their own businesses. This study employed a qualitative and interpretive phenomenological approach, utilizing semi-structured in-depth interviews with 14 female university graduate entrepreneurs, to investigate the importance of small and medium-sized entrepreneurship as a crucial platform for effective policy-making in the field of women and to restore their socio-economic role. This type of research is vital due to the pressing need to promote women's social participation and decrease the unemployment rate of university-educated women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to comprehend the reasons behind the inclination of university-educated women towards small and medium-sized entrepreneurship and to listen to their narratives. The research findings reveal four major themes that have emerged from the interviews, namely “feminine creativity flourishing,” “entrepreneurship as a connecting bond of multiple identities of women,” “dwindling of women's confidence and creativity,” and “entrepreneurship as a win-win game.” These themes reflect the lived experiences of female entrepreneurs and the challenges they confront in entrepreneurship. Overall, the findings indicate that the lack of social structures supporting women and their low official employment rates have driven them to create new self-made social structures, such as entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship has the potential to define the field of activity and the role of women in expressing their abilities and skills, as well as their socio-economic participation. Based on this, policymakers are urged to take entrepreneurship among women seriously, as it can play a crucial role in empowering and enabling women to participate effectively in society and the economy.

The purpose of writing this article is to represent gender in the sports news of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and 2016 Rio and to analyze it from a sociological perspective. In this article, the method of content analysis has been used. The statistical population is all the contents of Shargh newspaper in 2016 and 1400. The statistical sampling of the present study was purposefully selected, which included 418 textual data (news, reports, interviews and articles) published in Shargh newspaper during the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and 2016 Rio Olympics. In the present study, based on a specific process in content analysis, Shargh newspaper textual data in the coding process were classified into three levels: basic themes, organizing themes and comprehensive themes. These three levels were shown along with the relationships between them. A comparison of the results obtained from the content analysis of Shargh newspaper in the two periods of the two Olympics shows that while in the Rio 2016 Olympics, the newspaper's approach was based on the concepts of "hegemony", "sports metaphors" and "surrealism", but in In addition to the similarity of the results with the approach and news policy in the concepts of "sports metaphors" and "surrealism" with the news approach of the Rio 2016 Olympics, it was observed that there is a slight point in the concept of "hegemony" Gender and hegemony have occurred in the coverage of sports news at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

Coping strategies can lead to a reduction in suffering caused by stressful situations due to the role of initial maladaptive schemas. Therefore, the study of these factors can be effective in investigating the causes of divorce. The present study aimed to investigate the mentioned components in women seeking divorce due to spousal abuse and other women seeking divorce referred to forensic medicine in Ardabil province. The research method used was descriptive causal-comparative. The Young and Brown maladaptive schema questionnaire and the Lazarus and Folkman coping strategies were completed by 100 selected women (50 women seeking divorce due to spousal abuse and 50 women seeking divorce) using purposive sampling. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the initial maladaptive schemas of abused women from their husbands were significantly different from other women seeking divorce. Abused women had more maladaptive schemas than women seeking divorce for other reasons. Additionally, coping strategies of abused women from their husbands were significantly different from other women seeking divorce, with other causes being more common. According to the findings, the initial maladaptive schemas were higher among women seeking divorce due to spousal abuse than among other women seeking divorce. However, this study had limitations, including the lack of cooperation from Ardabil forensic clients. To reduce divorce rates, we suggest that skills and training programs related to increasing couples' adaptation practices in cohabitation be taught.

Increasing the diagnosis of children with autism and the profound impact of their presence on family life, especially mothers, in the difficult responsibility of parenting, caring, accompanying them in rehabilitation treatment is a significant issue for researchers in women and family studies. Regarding this, having social support can facilitate matters and reduce the pressure of the social role of mothers. Realizing this and considering the scarcity of research in this field, the present study was organized with a qualitative approach and by semi-structured interviews with 18 mothers of Autistic children in Tehran province to receive their perception of various types of social support.The results indicate that the emotional support expressed by husbands is in a range of understanding, attention and empathy on the one hand and the denial and resistance on the other. Moreover expressing empathy and hope or blame and comparison, from the couple's parent's family is other forms of perceived emotional support from mothers. Insufficient information to the adult and children communities leads to blame, misjudgement and misunderstanding by others and as a limiting factor deteriorate the daily life of children and mothers and leads to social exclusion and their voluntary isolation. The stated instrumental support also highlights the need to review and develop guidelines tailored to the living conditions of these children's families. Having higher levels of social support requires socio-cultural policies that meet the needs of the child and the mother.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the moderated role of basic psychological needs by family cohesion in the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency among girl adolescents. This is descriptive correlational research. The studied population included all girl adolescents aged 13 to 18 who were student in Tehran in 1401, 283 people were selected as a sample using convenience sampling method, and responded to the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (Cheek, 1983), Mobile Phone Addiction Index (Leung, 2008), Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Deci & Ryan, 2000) & Family Organized Cohesiveness Scale (Fisher et al., 1992). Pearson correlation and multiple regression by installing Hayes macro-Process (model 4 & 59) in SPSS24 were used to analyze the data. The results showed that basic psychological needs mediate the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency, and the relation of shyness with mobile phone dependency and basic psychological needs, as well as the relationship between basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependence, is moderated by family cohesion. Based on this, by increasing the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in adolescents and increasing family cohesion, their shyness and as a result their dependence on mobile phones will decrease. These findings are useful for understanding the complex mechanism of shyness effects on mobile phone dependency and have practical implications for preventing and reducing adolescents' mobile phone dependency.

Perfectionism is a widespread and severe problem among adolescents and one of the goals of psychological research is to identify variables related to it. So, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of academic self-efficacy in the relationship between dark personality traits, conditional self-worth, and girls' perfectionism. This study was descriptive and the research design was correlational, a type of structural equations. The Statistical population included all female second high school students of Orumieh in the academic year 2021-2022, among whom 204 individuals were selected by Multi-stage cluster sampling. Jones and Paulhus's dark traits of personality scale (2014), Cracker et al.’s contingent self-worth scale (2003), Patrick, Hicks Ryan’s academic self-efficacy scale (1997), and Frost et al.’s perfectionism scale (1990) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Lisrel software and the proposed model was evaluated by structural equation modeling. The results of this study showed that the dark traits of personality, contingent self-worth, and academic self-efficacy were directly related to students’ perfectionism. Also, the dark traits of personality and contingent self-worth were indirectly related to students’ perfectionism through academic self-efficacy. These findings support the mediating role of academic self-efficacy in the causal relationship between the dark traits of personality and contingent self-worth on perfectionism.

In intergenerational family relationships, the respect for the role of the mother has always been emphasized in the Iranian-Islamic culture. However, conducting socio-cultural research in Iran with a special focus on the mother roles is one of the research gaps that requires more scientific research. The purpose of this study is to examine the social and cultural concerns of the mother in the familial and social relationships. The method used in the research was the critical qualitative method of Carspecken. Research data were collected through in-depth interviews with 15 mothers who had children under the age of two. Findings show such categories as physical / mental exhaustion of mother, child developmental concerns, increasing needs with child growth, mother’s sensitivity due to uncontrollable child, disturbance in housekeeping, gender preference, unstable social status of the mother, etc. were obtained. The results showed mothers' dissatisfaction and disturbance about some social and cultural structures that put pressure on them. Based on the results, there is need to pass laws to facilitate and improve the supportive and emotional contexts for mothers. Also, the existing capability of the Iranian society should be employed more effectively to maintain and promote the status of the mother, as a proud role in the Iranian-Islamic culture of our society.